How Local Area Networks Impact Library Technology
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Course Work
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Enter any public or academic library today and you will quickly realize how technology has transformed library operations. A report commissioned by the American Library Association (ALA) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation was released at the ALA Annual Conference in 2005. The study conducted by the Information Use Management and Policy Institute at Florida State University found that free public access to computers and the Internet was available in 98 percent of all public libraries. That reflects a 400 percent increase since 1996 when statistics showed that only one in four libraries offered computer and Internet access (ALA 2008). Not only is every aspect of the librarian’s job in the 21st century affected by technology, wired and wireless LANs also enable patrons to access a broadened scope of information. Gone is the traditional card catalogue. Instead networked computers can access an online public access catalogue (OPAC) or an electronic catalog. E-journals, online databases, CD ROM resources, online reserves, chat and e-mail reference services are but a sampling of information services that require the use of technology in the library.
According to Martha Choe, director of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation’s Global Libraries project, increased funding is needed on the macro level from “government, businesses, foundations and citizens to pay for ongoing costs such as Internet access fees, technology upgrades, and technical assistance” (ALA 2008). On the micro level, libraries and librarians are responsible for establishing and maintaining the systems that make the use of technology possible. Today, librarians are expected to be literate in technology and the systems that support it. Robert E. Molyneux believes a librarian doesn’t need an exhaustive knowledge of networks to be able to use them effectively, but that it is critical to have a basic working knowledge of the technological systems employed in today’s library to manage a wired or wireless local area network (Computer Networks 2005).
Definition
A Local Area Network or LAN is a configuration that allows information sharing among computers and peripherals within a geographically limited area such as a single building or a group of buildings in close range of each other, or a single space. LANs connect individual computers or workstations so they have access to each other from anywhere on the network (Williams-Sawyer 2007). Computers are used at the circulation desk for collection management, and in general office areas for tasks such as bookkeeping, email, word processing, and faxing. At terminals and kiosks throughout the library, computers are made available to patrons. Accessing the catalog, conducting Internet searches, viewing multimedia resources, and playing games are but a few of the activities requiring technology. Libraries need to create a network among the computers that allows resource sharing and reduces the cost of individual programs for each one. Networking leads to an equitable distribution of data and resources and is cost efficient. For example, a printer for each computer is unnecessary if they are networked to one centralized printer. In this instance, a library would be able to purchase a higher quality peripheral with the savings resulting from resource sharing. In order to understand LANs, it is necessary to understand the three characteristics that comprise LANs – topology, protocol, and media.
Topology
The topology of the LAN refers to the type of configuration connecting the computers. There are three main types of topologies: a bus (or straight line), a ring (in which every computer or peripheral has two neighbors), and a star (typical of most home networks). Others such a tree, a mesh, or even more complex hybrid networks exist but are far less common (Alcorn/Allen 2006).
Bus Topology
A bus network has one cable that allows computers and devices such as printers, scanners, or modems to communicate. The computers and devices connect into the main cable or backbone via an interface connector. When a computer wants to communicate with a printer, the computer sends out a message to that printer via the cable. It is reminiscent of the old party lines on a telephone. Everyone on the party line hears the call coming, listens to hear if it is for them, and then everyone else on the line hangs up and the person for whom the call was intended stays on the line to complete the call. The devices on the bus network are like the homes on the party line. They all “hear” the request, but the only device that answers is the one designated to receive the message. Computers on this type of topology can eavesdrop, but unlike the old fashioned party line, they can’t respond to the incoming request or “call”. The upside of this type of typology is that it is fairly easy to install and doesn’t need extensive cabling compared to the other types. It may be configured as either peer-to-peer (P2P) or client/server. On the downside, a bus typology only supports a limited number of computers. Extra circuits and software are needed to manage the information due to the fact that they all travel along one cable and have a tendency to interfere with each other. Performance has a tendency to fail when more than a few dozen computers are on the main cable. Also, the entire network goes down if there is a problem with the main cable.
Ring Topology
In a ring network, computers or devices send out messages which all travel in either a clock -wise or counterclockwise direction. Ring networks have no central server and typically use a protocol such as IBM’s Token Ring Technology. A benefit with this type of network is that all the messages are traveling in the same direction guaranteeing no message collisions. A draw -back in this system is similar to the drawback of the bus network; if one connection is not functioning, the entire ring ceases to function.
Star Topology
A star network resembles a wagon wheel with the server in the hub position. Information flow is tracked in the hub, while computers and peripherals such as printers or external hard drives reside at the end of the spokes. A benefit of this type of configuration is that it is easily expanded. In addition to computers and peripherals, it is possible for additional hubs to reside at the end of a spoke with additional devices radiating from that hub. Another benefit is since information flows through the hub, message collisions are eliminated as well. If one of the devices at the end of a spoke goes down, the network is not affected. A drawback to this topology is if the hub goes down, so does the entire network (Williams/Sawyer 2007).
Protocol
We have just reviewed the three most common topographies. Before computers and devices are able to share resources on any of these networks, a system of rules for communication must be established. Robert L. Williams identifies areas that are required for human commun -ication and compares them to network operations. First, a common language needs to be agreed upon if the computers and devices are to communicate with each other. Secondly, so everyone isn’t talking at once, “rules of transmission” or “right of way” need to be established. In computer networking, protocol is the term used for the language of this type of prioritized communication. In order for networked computers to understand each other’s requests, the same protocol software needs to be installed on each one. TCP/IP is the specific protocol for computers to communicate via the Internet. LANs, on the other hand, require IPX, NetBEUI or a similar protocol (Wireless Community Networks 1999). Protocol also determines if your network is arranged as a client/server or a P2P.
Client/Server Network
First, let’s look at client/server networks. In this type of network there is a powerful midsize or mainframe computer (a host computer) that is generally located in an area designated for that purpose. The function of the server depends on its designation. There may be a file server whose function is to store the programs and data that is shared on the network. A database server stores only data, a print server controls printers on the network, mail servers manage the network’s email, etc. A “client” is defined as a microcomputer that requests information from the server. Nodes are any devices including printers, terminals, fax machines, external hard drives or microcomputers that are connected to the network (Williams/Sawyer 2007). A benefit of this system is that applications are not installed on each client thereby saving on the cost of installing application software on each one. Another benefit is that with the programs and data centrally located, repairs required to fix a specific software problem are limited to the server.
Peer-to-Peer Network
In a P2P network all communication occurs directly among the computers on the LAN instead of going through a server. Peripherals and files can be shared by turning on file-sharing privileges. These P2P LANs are appropriate for situations that connect up to 25 computers. Anymore and the whole system slows. Chances are you have a P2P LAN at home if you have more than one computer and they share a printer, modem, or a program such as QuickBooks. For example, if you have QuickBooks installed on your desktop computer and have saved the main data file there, you can access the file from your laptop if the weather is nice and you want to pay your bills outside. The LAN allows the computers on your network to communicate with each other or the peripherals through the router. This is its protocol – the rules and regulations you expect your computers to live by. You accomplish this through encoding specifications when you set up your system. Likewise, you may configure your computer with the application and data file to deny your laptop access by turning off file sharing. This type of network is more appropriate for use in the home or on smaller networks.
LAN Hardware
Ethernet and Token Ring
Ethernet “is a LAN technology that can be used with almost any kind of computer and that describes how data can be sent in packets in between computers and other networked computers usually in close proximity” (Williams-Sawyer 2007). While working at Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in the 1970s, Robert Metcalf published a paper with his assistant, David Boggs titled, “Ethernet: Distributed Packet-Switching For Local Computer Networks.” Metcalf, et al. was issued patent # 4,063,220 on December 13, 1977. The patent describes Ethernet as a “multipoint data communication system with collision detection” (Metcalf et al. 1977). In layman’s terms, Ethernet is the system used to connect computers within a building using chips and wires. Metcalf developed Ethernet because XEROX wanted a system to connect all of PARC’s computers to the world’s first laser printer, which they were building (Williams/Sawyer, 2007). Ethernet is currently the most commonly used network technology worldwide. Today, developments in technology enable Ethernet networks to extend tens of kilometers. Major advantages of Ethernet systems are the inexpensive cost and reliability of cables, hubs and switches.
Token Ring Technology
Token Ring technology was developed by IBM in the 1970’s and is one of three token-passing networks, IEE 802.5 and FDDI being the other two. The technology is complex but in layman’s terms these types of networks move a token around the network and whichever device has the token has the right of way to transmit the message. If the device with the token does not have the information requested, it will pass it along to the next node. If, however, the node does have the information needed, it grabs the token, alters it, attaches the information and sends it on its way. While all this is occurring, all the other nodes are required to wait ensuring no collisions occur (Cisco 2008). Token Ring technology is used primarily in star and ring topologies with a benefit being that it is easy to detect and repair broken cable connections (Williams/Sawyer 2007).
Going Wireless
Late in the year 2001, wireless LANS were first introduced to public libraries. This grew to encompass two-thirds of all public libraries having a wireless LAN by mid 2008 (Boss 2002). Before we get into more detail about what a wireless LAN is, it should be clarified that a wireless LAN can also be referred to as a WLAN, wireless local area network and the one most commonly used is Wi-Fi. A wireless LAN can connect a desktop, laptop or other handheld device with a wireless network interface card (or wireless adapter) to a network without being hard wired to it. Commonly this type of LAN is used in areas where wiring may be difficult. When libraries use both types of LANs it is referred to as a “hybrid” LAN and they have access points that are wireless and hardwired.
The access points are located throughout the building and are commonly the size of a book. This equipment has a transmitter, a receiver, an antenna, and equipment that can connect the user to the network through radio signals. This allows anyone in the range of 100-300 feet from the access point to connect to the network, regardless of walls, floors or ceilings. A few vendors that provide these access points to libraries include Cisco, Intersil, Nokia, Symbol Technologies, and 3Com.
Wi-Fi Capabilities
The different types of wireless standards out there for wireless home and business come from the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). They include the standards 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, and up and coming 802.11n. The 802.11n is available but is not widely used yet. Currently the most common one used is 802.11g which gives supporting data transfer rates up to 54Mbps (Megabits per second). It has a slightly shorter range than 802.11b, but it is still better than 802.11a. The general rule is there is around 65 to 120 feet of service. Its backward-compatibility allows other 802.11b products to also work, but when using 802.11b products they will run at 802.11b speeds.
The 802.11b and 802.11g all run on the 2.4GHz frequency, so they both deal with some interference problems such as cordless phones, cellular radios, wireless audio speakers, microwave ovens, wireless karaoke machines, and many remote controls. Because 802.11a operates in a different frequency it doesn’t have this interference problem and it is faster than 802.11b, but this also makes it more difficult for it to penetrate through walls, ceilings, and other barriers. This makes either the 802.11b or 802.11g the more cost effective solution for libraries because you need fewer access points, thus less equipment and maintenance.
The 802.11n offers bandwidths of 200 Mbps or more, with actual performance around 100Mbps. When using this standard it works more efficiently for the demand of streaming video. It is backward compatible, interoperable with 802.11a and 802.11g, and lives in coexistence with 802.11b. It uses new MIMI (Multiple Input, Multiple Output) technology, allowing for multiple antennae’s to move multiple data streams, and up the range of the system to as much as 600 feet requiring there are no barriers in the way. Because this standard is still very experimental and can cause problems with already placed networks, it is not yet a wise decision for public libraries to move to this standard.
In 2001, a group formerly known as the Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA) changed its name to the Wi-Fi Alliance and works to create guarantees for consumers that products purchased from participating vendors will all be compatible. This group is now working with the IEEE to conform the new 802.11n standard to make sure equipment works properly.
Security
Giving open access to a businesses network can bring up some concern for security. This brings up WEP (wired equivalency privacy) and Wi-Fi protected Access (WPA). WEP encrypts data traffic between the wireless access point and the client computer, but it doesn’t actually secure either end of the transmission, and is considered relatively weak. WPA fixed these flaws but is only used as a temporary measure until the release of 802.11i.
The IEEE is working to create a new standard known as 802.11i, or WPA2, which allows libraries to choose to use encryption and require authentication from their patrons. This will not help protect the devices patrons bring into the library and it is very important to make them aware of that. Libraries can also add firewalls between the open networks, such as between the staff side of the network and the WLAN, which provides an effective level of security.
Expenses
Access points are available in single modes at $180-$250, dual mode at $300-$400, and a multi mode for $450 or more for the equipment. Design and installation can run a library another $1,500, which includes connection to electrical supply and to the organizations wired network. This can be a big expense for a library, but is usually considered worth it. When a library requires 50 or more access points they have the ability to use a WLAN switch. These switches can run 60% less in cost and don’t require the “need to have relatively expensive “intelligent” access points that include considerable data communication and security software” (Boss 2002). Aruba and Trapeze are two of the leading vendors for WLAN switches.
Library-Specific Options
Companies are beginning to create wireless services specific to libraries. If your library is small-scale, such services may not be necessary. If authentication against patron databases is a requirement, the following possibilities are an option. Innovative Interfaces carries a product called AirPAC, released in June 2001. It allows libraries to run their OPAC geared towards smaller, wireless devices such as PDAs. With the rise of cell phones providing Internet this has become very popular for libraries. GIS Information Systems also announced a product in 2004 called the Wireless Access Manager. It helps libraries manage its wireless network. It works with the Polaris Integrated Library System (or any other system that supports the SIP2 protocol) and can require users to log in with the library card. It also has a built in network firewall. Dynix implements the Horizon Wireless Gateway that allows standard wireless infrastructure plus added features like the ability to control patron authentication. Sirsi Corp. carries a product called PocketCirc, a software that runs on a PDA and allows library staff to perform circulation tasks from anywhere in the library. This is extremely beneficial.
The Future of WLAN
Not only does wireless ability help librarians serve their patrons better, it offers services to a society that is constantly moving. By giving them this opportunity it helps them to stay connected. By ignoring the Wi-Fi ability, libraries are at risk of losing patrons to places that offer it like Starbucks and Borders. Patrons are expecting it and will be disappointed if it is not available, especially with the rise of laptop owners and wireless handheld devices. It can be used to bring patrons into the library, offer creative, new services, and accomplish many goals now and in the future.
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Bibliography
Alcorn, Louise E. and Maryellen Mott Allen. Wireless Networking. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, Inc., 2006
Breeding, Marshall. "Wireless Networks Connect Libraries to a Mobile Society." Computers in Libraries (Oct. 2004)
Courtney, Nancy, ed. Technology for the Rest of Us. Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited, 2005
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Molyneux, Robert E. “Computer Networks.” Technology for the Rest of Us. Ed. Nancy Courtney. Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited, 2005
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Questions for Threaded Discussions:
1. Do you think the cost for a wireless network is justified based on the number of patrons who actually use it?
2. One of the products currently offered is a wireless PocketCirc or inHand device for remote circulation management. It can be used for check out or inventory control. Do you think this type of device is worth the additional cost of $1000.00 to $2000.00?
3. Is the risk that comes with this type of wireless technology, i.e. identity theft, worth the convenience? Answer from the perspective of the patron and librarian.
4. Statistics from a 2005 report commissioned by the ALA and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation found that 98.9 % of all public libraries offer free access to computers and the Internet. The report also reveals that in 2004, 50.6% of libraries had no increase in their technology budget, 36.1% reported an increase, and 13.3% reported a decrease. Given these statistics, what recommendations would you give a library director who is considering updating or implementing their LAN or WLAN?
This bibliographical essay was a collaborative project with classmate Amber Lansing who contributed the section on wireless LANs.